Reading list

Readings are listed here alphabetically within each section of the course. See daily syllabus or schedule of topics for chronological reading assignments.

"Round 1" of readings and presentations

I. Background: General concepts and problems

• Anttila, Arto. 2007. Variation and optionality. In Paul de Lacy (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, 519-536. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  + Download the references for this chapter, from the Cambridge Handbook of Phonology web site

• Clark, Brady. 2005. On stochastic grammar. Language 81: 207-217.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

• Cohn, Abigail C. 2006. Is there gradient phonology? In Gisbert Faneslow, Caroline Féry, Ralf Vogel, & Matthias Schlesewsky (eds.), Gradience in grammar: Generative perspectives, 25-44. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  + Available online: download here

• Foulkes, Paul. 2005. Sociophonetics. In Keith Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2 edn., 495-500. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  + Available online: download here

• Myers, Scott. 2000. Boundary disputes: The distinction between phonetic and phonological sound patterns. In Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr, & Gerard J. Docherty (eds.), Phonological knowledge: Conceptual and empirical issues, 245-272. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• Newmeyer, Frederick. 2003. Grammar is grammar and usage is usage. Language 79: 682-707.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

II. Early/classic OT approaches to variation

• Coetzee, Andries W. 2006. Variation as accessing 'non-optimal' candidates. Phonology 23: 337-385.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

• Kostakis, Andrew. 2010. Vestige Theory: Sociolinguistic evidence for output-output constraints. Lingua 120: 2476-2496.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

• Nagy, Naomi, & Bill Reynolds. 1997. Optimality Theory and variable word-final deletion in Faetar. Language Variation and Change 9: 37-55.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

III. Probabilistic OT(ish) approaches

• Boersma, Paul, & Bruce Hayes. 2001. Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm. Linguistic Inquiry 32: 45-86.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

• Evanini, Keelan. 2007. How to formalize variation: Stochastic OT models and /s/ deletion in Spanish. LACUS Forum 33: 147-158.
  + Available online: download here

• Goldwater, Sharon, & Mark Johnson. 2003. Learning OT constraint rankings using a Maximum Entropy model. In Jennifer Spenader, Anders Eriksson, & Östen Dahl (eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Variation within Optimality Theory, 111-120. Stockholm: Stockholm University Department of Linguistics.
  + Available online (preprint?): download here

• Hayes, Bruce, & Colin Wilson. 2008. A maximum entropy model of phonotactics and phonotactic learning. Linguistic Inquiry 39: 379-440.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

• Jäger, Gerhard. 2007. Maximum Entropy models and Stochastic Optimality Theory. In Annie Zaenen, Jane Simpson, Tracy Holloway King, Jane Grimshaw, Joan Maling, & Chris Manning (eds.), Architectures, Rules, and Preferences: Variations on Themes by Joan W. Bresnan, 467-479. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
  + Available online (preprint): download here

• Temkin Martínez, Michal. 2008. Exceptionality and variation in Modern Hebrew spirantization. In Natasha Abner & Jason Bishop (eds.), Proceedings of the 27th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 413-421. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
  + Available online: download here

"Round 2" of readings and presentations

IV. Approaches to gradience in grammar

• Anttila, Arto. 2008. Gradient phonotactics and the Complexity Hypothesis. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26: 695-729.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

• Coetzee, Andries W., & Joe Pater. 2008. Weighted constraints and gradient restrictions on place co-occurrence in Muna and Arabic. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26: 289-337.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

• Frisch, Stefan A., Janet B. Pierrehumbert, & Michael B. Broe. 2004. Similarity avoidance and the OCP. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22: 179-228.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

V. Harmonic serialism

• Kimper, Wendell A. To appear. Locality and globality in phonological variation. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory.
  + Available online (pre-publication version): download here

VI. Exemplar/frequency-based models

• Coetzee, Andries. 2009. Phonological variation and lexical frequency. In Anisa Schardl, Martin Walkow, & Muhammad Abdurrahman (eds.) Proceedings of NELS 38, vol. 1, 189-202. Amherst: GLSA.
  + Available online (as "Long" version, with extra appendices): download here

• Foulkes, Paul. 2010. Exploring social-indexical variation: A long past but a short history. Laboratory Phonology 1: 5-39.
  + Available online (preprint version): download here

• Hay, Jennifer, Paul Warren, & Katie Drager. 2006. Factors influencing speech perception in the context of a merger-in-progress. Journal of Phonetics 34: 458-484.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

• Johnson, Keith. 2006. Resonance in an exemplar-based lexicon: The emergence of social identity and phonology. Journal of Phonetics 34: 485-499.
  + Available online through UNC Libraries

Optional final reading

VII. One more overview: Looking back

• Coetzee, Andries & Joe Pater. To appear. The place of variation in phonological theory. In John Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, & Alan Yu (eds.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 2ed.
  + Available online (draft version): download here